Abridged Table of Contents

Stanford
Encyclopedia
of Philosophy

Abridged Table of Contents

The SEP received the award for “Best Content” by
in its

Navigation Panel:

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

A

Abelard [Abailard], Peter (Peter King)
Abner of Burgos (Charles Manekin)
Abrabanel, Judah (Aaron Hughes)
abstract objects (Gideon Rosen)
Academy, Plato's (Wolfgang Mann)
accidental properties -- see essential vs. accidental properties
action (George Wilson)
- logic of -- see logic: action
action at a distance -- see quantum mechanics: action at a distance in
actualism (Christopher Menzel)
adaptation (Steven Orzack)
Addams, Jane (Maurice Hamington)
Adorno, Theodor (Lambert Zuidervaart)
Aegidius Romanus -- see Giles of Rome
Aenesidemus -- see skepticism: ancient
aesthetic, concept of the (James Shelley)
Aesthetics
aesthetics
- aesthetic judgment (Nick Zangwill)
- Africana -- see African Philosophy: Africana aesthetics
- Beardsley (Michael Wreen)
- British, in the 18th century (James Shelley)
- and cognitive science (Jonathan M. Weinberg)
- Dewey -- see Dewey, John: aesthetics
- environmental (Allen Carlson)
- existentialist (Jean-Philippe Deranty)
- feminist -- see feminist (interventions): aesthetics
- French, in the 18th century (Jacques Morizot)
- Gadamer (Nicholas Davey)
- German, in the 18th century (Paul Guyer)
- Goodman (Alessandro Giovannelli)
- Hegel (Stephen Houlgate)
- Heidegger (Iain Thomson)
- Hume -- see Hume, David: aesthetics
- Japanese -- see Japanese Philosophy: aesthetics
- late ancient and medieval (Liberato Santoro-Brienza)
- Nietzsche (Aaron Ridley)
- Plato -- see Plato: aesthetics
- Schopenhauer (Alex Neill)
- Wittgenstein -- see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: aesthetics
affirmative action (Robert Fullinwider)
African philosophy
African Philosophy
- Africana aesthetics (Paul C. Taylor)
- communal basis of African art (Ifeanyi Menkiti)
- ethnophilosophy (Barry Hallen)
- in Anglophone Africa (Barry Hallen)
- philosophy of religion (Elias Bongmba)
- sage philosophy (Dismas Masolo)
afterlife (William Hasker)
agent-relative vs. agent-neutral reasons -- see reasons: agent-neutral vs. agent-relative
agnosticism -- see atheism and agnosticism
Agrippa -- see skepticism: ancient
Agrippa von Nettesheim, Cornelius (Charles Nauert)
Akan Philosophy
- of the person (Ajume Wingo)
Al-Kindi (Peter Adamson)
Albert of Saxony (Joél Biard)
Albert the Great [= Albertus magnus] (Markus Führer)
Albo, Joseph (Dror Ehrlich)
Alcmaeon (Carl Huffman)
Alexander of Aphrodisias (Dorothea Frede)
algebra (Vaughan Pratt)
altruism
- biological (Samir Okasha)
Alyngton, Robert (Alessandro Conti)
Ammonius (David Blank)
Ammonius Saccas -- see Plotinus
analogy
- medieval theories of (E. Jennifer Ashworth)
analysis (Michael Beaney)
analytic/synthetic distinction (Georges Rey)
anaphora (Jeffrey C. King)
Anaxagoras (Patricia Curd)
Anaxarchus -- see Pyrrho
animal consciousness -- see consciousness: animal
animals, moral status of (Lori Gruen)
anomalous monism (Steven Yalowitz)
Anselm, Saint [Anselm of Bec, Anselm of Canterbury] (Thomas Williams)
anti-realism, moral -- see moral anti-realism
Antiochus of Ascalon (James Allen)
appearance vs. reality
- epistemological problems of perception -- see perception: epistemological problems of
- skepticism -- see skepticism
Aquinas, Saint Thomas (Ralph McInerny and John O'Callaghan)
- moral, political, and legal philosophy (John Finnis)
Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, disciplines in
- natural philosophy and natural science (Jon McGinnis)
- philosophy of language and logic (Tony Street)
- philosophy of religion (David Burrell)
- psychology and philosophy of mind (Alfred Ivry)
Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, historical and methodological topics in
- Greek sources (Cristina D'Ancona)
Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, special topics in
- eternity and time (Taneli Kukkonen)
- intentions and intentionality (Deborah Black)
Arcesilaus (Charles Brittain)
Archytas (Carl Huffman)
Arendt, Hannah (Maurizio Passerin d'Entreves)
arete -- see ethics: ancient
Aristotelianism
- commentators on Aristotle (Andrea Falcon)
- in the Renaissance (Heinrich Kuhn)
Aristotle (Christopher Shields)
Aristotle, General Topics
- biology (James Lennox)
- categories (Paul Studtmann)
- ethics (Richard Kraut)
- logic (Robin Smith)
- metaphysics (S. Marc Cohen)
- poetics (Richard Janko)
- political theory (Fred Miller)
- psychology (Christopher Shields)
- rhetoric (Christof Rapp)
Aristotle, Special Topics
- causality (Andrea Falcon)
- mathematics (Henry Mendell)
- natural philosophy (Istvan Bodnar)
- on non-contradiction (Paula Gottlieb)
Arnauld, Antoine (Elmar Kremer)
art, conceptual (Elisabeth Schellekens)
art, definition of (Tom Adajian)
artifact (Risto Hilpinen)
artificial intelligence (Selmer Bringsjord)
- logic and (Richmond Thomason)
aspect -- see tense and aspect
assertion (Peter Pagin)
Astell, Mary (Alice Sowaal)
atheism and agnosticism (J. J. C. Smart)
atomism
- ancient (Sylvia Berryman)
atomism, 17th to 20th century (Alan Chalmers)
atonement (Thomas D. Senor)
attributes -- see properties
Augustine, Saint (Michael Mendelson)
- relation to Greek philosophy (Charles Brittain)
Auriol [Aureol, Aureoli], Peter (Russell L. Friedman)
Austin, John (Brian Bix)
authority (Tom Christiano)
- legal -- see legal obligation and authority
automated reasoning -- see reasoning: automated
autonomy
- in moral and political philosophy (John Christman)
- personal (Sarah Buss)
Avicebron (Ibn Gabirol) (Sarah Pessin)
Ayer, Alfred Jules (Graham Macdonald)

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

B

Bacon, Francis (Juergen Klein)
Bacon, Roger (Jeremiah Hackett)
Bain, Alexander -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
basing relation, epistemic (Keith Allen Korcz)
Baudrillard, Jean (Douglas Kellner)
Bauer, Bruno (Douglas Moggach)
Bayes' Theorem (James Joyce)
Bayle, Pierre (Thomas M. Lennon)
Beardsley, Monroe C.
- aesthetics -- see aesthetics: Beardsley
Beattie, James -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Beauvoir, Simone de (Debra Bergoffen)
behaviorism (George Graham)
being -- see existence
being and becoming -- see time
- in modern physics -- see space and time: being and becoming in modern physics
belief (Eric Schwitzgebel)
Bell's Theorem (Abner Shimony)
Bergson, Henri (Leonard Lawlor and Valentine Moulard)
Berkeley, George (Lisa Downing)
Berlin, Isaiah (Joshua Cherniss and Henry Hardy)
Bessarion, Basil [Cardinal] (John Monfasani)
binarium famosissimum [= most famous pair] (Paul Vincent Spade)
biodiversity -- see ecology: biodiversity
biological information -- see information: biological
biology
- conservation -- see conservation biology
- molecular -- see molecular biology
- notion of individual (Robert A. Wilson)
- notion of self -- see self: the biological notion of
- teleological notions in -- see teleology: teleological notions in biology
biology, philosophy of (Sahotra Sarkar and Paul Griffiths)
- feminist -- see feminist (interventions): philosophy of biology
Blair, Hugh -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Bodin, Jean (Mario Turchetti)
body -- see substance
Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (John Marenbon)
Bolzano, Bernard (Edgar Morscher)
Bonaventure, Saint (Tim Noone and R. E. Houser)
Boole, George (Sriram Nambiar)
Boolean algebra
- the mathematics of (J. Donald Monk)
Bosanquet, Bernard (William Sweet)
boundary (Achille Varzi)
Boyle, Robert (J. J. MacIntosh)
Bradley, Francis Herbert (Stewart Candlish)
brains in a vat (Tony Brueckner)
Brentano, Franz (Wolfgang Huemer)
- theory of judgement (Johannes Brandl)
Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan (Mark van Atten)
Brown, Thomas -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
Bruno, Giordano (Dilwyn Knox)
Buber, Martin (Michael Zank)
Buddhism
- Zen -- see Japanese Philosophy: Zen Buddhism
bundle theory -- see substance
Buridan, John [Jean] (Jack Zupko)
Burke, Edmund (Ian Harris)
Burley [Burleigh], Walter (Alessandro Conti)
Burnet, James [Lord Monboddo] -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Butler, Joseph
- moral philosophy (Nicholas Sturgeon)

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

C

Caird, Edward -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
Callicles and Thrasymachus (Rachel Barney)
Cambridge Platonists (Sarah Hutton)
Campanella, Tommaso (Germana Ernst)
Campbell, George -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Carnap, Rudolf (Hannes Leitgeb)
Carneades (James Allen)
Cassirer, Ernst (Michael Friedman)
casuistry -- see reasoning: moral
categories (Amie Thomasson)
- medieval theories of (Jorge Gracia and Lloyd Newton)
category theory (Jean-Pierre Marquis)
causation
- backward (Jan Faye)
- causal processes (Phil Dowe)
- counterfactual theories of (Peter Menzies)
- in the law (Antony Honoré)
- and manipulability (James Woodward)
- medieval theories of (Graham White)
- mental -- see mental causation
- the metaphysics of (Jonathan Schaffer)
- probabilistic (Christopher Hitchcock)
censorship -- see pornography: and censorship
change (Chris Mortensen)
chaos (Robert Bishop)
character, moral (Marcia Homiak)
character/trait (Manfred Laubichler)
Chatton, Walter (Rondo Keele)
chemistry, philosophy of (Andrea I. Woody and Jeff Ramsey)
childhood, the philosophy of (Gareth Matthews)
children, philosophy for (Michael Pritchard)
Chinese ethics -- see ethics: Chinese
Chinese room argument (David Cole)
Christian theology, philosophy and (Michael Murray)
Church-Turing Thesis (B. Jack Copeland)
Church's Thesis -- see Church-Turing Thesis
citizenship (Dominique Leydet)
civil disobedience (Kimberley Brownlee)
civil rights (Andrew Altman)
Clarke, Samuel (Ezio Vailati)
Clement of Alexandria -- see doxography of ancient philosophy
Cockburn, Catharine Trotter (Patricia Sheridan)
coercion (Scott Anderson)
cognitive science (Paul Thagard)
cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral (Mark van Roojen)
Cohen, Hermann (Lanier Anderson)
Collingwood, Robin George (Giuseppina D'Oro)
Collins, Anthony (William Uzgalis)
colonialism (Margaret Kohn)
color (Barry Maund)
common knowledge (Peter Vanderschraaf and Giacomo Sillari)
communitarianism (Daniel Bell)
comparative philosophy
- Chinese and Western (David Wong)
compatibilism (Michael McKenna)
composition, the vagueness of -- see many, problem of
compositionality (Zoltán Gendler Szabó)
computability and complexity (Neil Immerman)
computational theory of mind -- see mind: computational theory of
computer ethics
- basic concepts and historical overview (Terrell Bynum)
computing
- modern history of (B. Jack Copeland)
- and moral responsibility (Kari Gwen Coleman)
concepts (Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence)
condemnation of 1277 (Hans Thijssen)
Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de (Lorne Falkenstein)
conditionals (Dorothy Edgington)
- counterfactual (Kai von Fintel)
- logic of -- see logic: conditionals
confirmation (Branden Fitelson)
Confucius (Jeffrey Riegel)
connectionism (James Garson)
connectives (Lloyd Humberstone)
conscience
- medieval theories of (Douglas Langston)
consciousness (Robert Van Gulick)
- animal (Colin Allen)
- higher-order theories (Peter Carruthers)
- and intentionality (Charles Siewert)
- representational theories of (William Lycan)
- unity of (Andrew Brook)
consequence relations and algebraic logic (Ramon Jansana)
consequentialism (Walter Sinnott-Armstrong)
- rule (Brad Hooker)
conservation biology (Sahotra Sarkar)
constitutionalism (Wil Waluchow)
constructive type theory -- see type theory: constructive
constructivism
- moral and political (Andrew Williams)
contextualism, epistemic (Patrick Rysiew)
continuant -- see change
continuity and infinitesimals (John L. Bell)
contractarianism (Ann Cudd)
contracts, theories of (Jody Kraus)
contractualism (Elizabeth Ashford, Rahul Kumar, and Tim Mulgan)
contradiction (Laurence R. Horn)
convention (Michael Rescorla)
Conway, Lady Anne (Sarah Hutton)
Copernicus, Nicolaus (Sheila Rabin)
Cordemoy, Geraud de (Fred Ablondi)
corruption (Seumas Miller)
cosmological argument (Bruce Reichenbach)
cosmology
- methodological debates in the 1930s and 1940s (George Gale)
cosmopolitanism (Pauline Kleingeld and Eric Brown)
counterfactuals -- see conditionals: counterfactual
counterpart theory -- see possible objects
Crathorn, William (Aurélien Robert)
creationism (Michael Ruse)
Crescas, Hasdai (James T. Robinson)
criminal law, theories of (Antony Duff)
critical theory (James Bohman)
Cudworth, Ralph -- see Cambridge Platonists
cultural evolution -- see evolution: cultural
Culverwell, Nathaniel -- see Cambridge Platonists
Curry's paradox (JC Beall)
Cusanus, Nicolaus [Nicolas of Cusa] (Peter Casarella)

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

D

Damian, Peter (Toivo J. Holopainen)
Dante Alighieri (Winthrop Wetherbee)
Daoism -- see Taoism
- Neo-Daoism -- see Neo-Taoism
Darwinism (James Lennox)
Dasein -- see Heidegger, Martin
Daud, Abraham Ibn -- see Ibn Daud, Abraham
David (Christian Wildberg)
Davidson, Donald (Jeff Malpas)
death (Steven Luper)
de Beauvoir, Simone -- see Beauvoir, Simone de
deception -- see lying and deception
- self -- see self-deception
decision theory
- causal (James Joyce)
Dedekind, Richard
- contributions to the foundations of mathematics (Erich Reck)
defaults in semantics and pragmatics (K. M. Jaszczolt)
definition (Anil Gupta)
Deleuze, Gilles (Daniel Smith)
Delmedigo, Elijah (Jacob Ross)
democracy (Tom Christiano)
Democritus (Sylvia Berryman)
demonstration
- Aristotle's theory of -- see Aristotle, General Topics: logic
- medieval theories of (John Longeway)
demonstratives -- see indexicals
denotation -- see reference
dependence, ontological (E. Jonathan Lowe)
Derrida, Jacques (Leonard Lawlor)
Descartes, René
- epistemology (Lex Newman)
- ethics (Donald Rutherford)
- life and works (Kurt Smith)
- mathematics (Lisa Shabel)
- modal metaphysics (David Cunning)
- ontological argument (Lawrence Nolan)
- physics (Edward Slowik)
- and the pineal gland (Gert-Jan Lokhorst)
descriptions (Peter Ludlow)
desert (Owen McLeod)
Desgabets, Robert (Patricia Easton)
design, argument from -- see teleology: teleological arguments for God's existence
determinates vs. determinables (David H. Sanford)
determinism
- ancient theories of -- see freedom: ancient theories of
- causal (Carl Hoefer)
developmental biology (Lenny Moss and Paul Griffiths)
- epigenesis and preformationism (Jane Maienschein)
- evolution and development (Jason Scott Robert)
Dewey, John
- aesthetics (Tom Leddy)
- moral philosophy (Elizabeth Anderson)
- political philosophy (Matthew Festenstein)
diagrams (Sun-Joo Shin and Oliver Lemon)
Dialectical School (Susanne Bobzien)
dialetheism [dialethism] (Graham Priest)
Dietrich of Freiberg (Markus Führer)
Diodorus Cronus (Susanne Bobzien)
Diogenes Laertius -- see doxography of ancient philosophy
Dionysius the Areopagite -- see Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
dirty hands (C.A.J. (Tony) Coady)
discourse representation theory (Bart Geurts and David I. Beaver)
disjunction (Ray Jennings)
dispositions (Michael Fara)
distributive justice -- see justice: distributive
diversity
- religious -- see religious diversity
divine, concepts of the -- see God: concepts of
divine command theory -- see voluntarism, theological
divine illumination (Robert Pasnau)
doing vs. allowing harm (Frances Howard-Snyder)
double effect, doctrine of (Alison McIntyre)
doxography of ancient philosophy (Jaap Mansfeld)
dualism (Howard Robinson)
Dunbar, James -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Duns Scotus, John (Thomas Williams)

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

E

Eckhart, Meister -- see Meister Eckhart
ecology (Sahotra Sarkar)
- biodiversity (Daniel P. Faith)
- conservation biology -- see conservation biology
economics, philosophy of (Daniel M. Hausman)
economics and economic justice (Marc Fleurbaey)
Edwards, Jonathan (William Wainwright)
egalitarianism (Richard Arneson)
egoism (Robert Shaver)
Einstein, Albert
- Einstein-Bohr debates (Don A. Howard)
- the hole argument -- see space and time: the hole argument
- philosophy of science (Don A. Howard)
Elias (Christian Wildberg)
emergent properties (Timothy O'Connor and Hong Yu Wong)
Emerson, Ralph Waldo (Russell Goodman)
emotion (Ronald de Sousa)
- 17th and 18th century theories of (Amy M. Schmitter)
- in the Christian tradition (Robert Roberts)
- medieval theories of (Martin Pickavé)
empathy (Karsten Stueber)
Empedocles (Richard Parry)
empiricism -- see rationalism vs. empiricism
entailment -- see logical consequence
environmentalism (Andrew Light)
envy (Justin D'Arms)
Epictetus (Anthony Long)
Epicurus (David Konstan)
epiphenomenalism (William Robinson)
episteme and techne [= scientific knowledge and expertise] (Richard Parry)
epistemic basing relation -- see basing relation, epistemic
epistemic closure principle (Steven Luper)
epistemic paradoxes (Roy Sorensen)
epistemology (Matthias Steup)
- Bayesian (William Talbott)
- contextualism in -- see contextualism, epistemic
- evolutionary (Michael Bradie and William Harms)
- feminist -- see feminist (interventions): epistemology and philosophy of science
- moral -- see moral epistemology
- naturalized (Richard Feldman)
- social (Alvin Goldman)
- social feminist -- see feminist (interventions): social epistemology
- virtue (John Greco)
epsilon calculus (Jeremy Avigad and Richard Zach)
equality (Stefan Gosepath)
- of opportunity (Richard Arneson)
equivalence of mass and energy (Francisco Flores)
ergodic hierarchy (Roman Frigg, Joseph Berkovitz, and Fred Kronz)
Eriugena, John Scottus (Dermot Moran)
essentialism -- see essential vs. accidental properties
essential vs. accidental properties (Teresa Robertson)
eternity (Paul Helm)
ethics
- ancient (Richard Parry)
- business (Alexei Marcoux)
- Chinese (David Wong)
- computer -- see computer ethics: basic concepts and historical overview
- environmental (Andrew Brennan and Yeuk-Sze Lo)
- feminist -- see feminist (interventions): ethics
- natural law tradition (Mark Murphy)
- and personal identity -- see personal identity: and ethics
- utilitarian -- see consequentialism
- virtue (Rosalind Hursthouse)
ethics, applied
- phenomenological approaches to ethics and information technology -- see information technology: phenomenological approaches to ethics and
ethics, morality and practical reason -- see morality and practical reason
eudaimonia -- see ethics: ancient
euthanasia
- voluntary (Robert Young)
events (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi)
evidence (Thomas Kelly)
evil, problem of (Michael Tooley)
evolution (Phillip Sloan)
- cultural (William Wimsatt)
evolutionary game theory -- see game theory: evolutionary
evolutionary psychology -- see psychology: evolutionary
exemplification -- see predication and instantiation
existence (Barry Miller)
existentialism (Steven Crowell)
- aesthetics -- see aesthetics: existentialist
experimentation
- in physics -- see physics: experiment in
explanation
- scientific -- see scientific explanation
exploitation (Alan Wertheimer)
extrinsic -- see intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties
Ezra, Abraham Ibn -- see Ibn Ezra, Abraham

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

F

Fackenheim, Emil (Michael Morgan)
facts (Kevin Mulligan and Fabrice Correia)
faith (John Bishop)
Falaquera, Shem Tov Ibn (Steve Harvey)
fallacies -- see logic: informal
fatalism (Hugh Rice)
federalism (Andreas Føllesdal)
feminism, approaches to (Nancy Tuana)
- analytic philosophy (Ann Garry)
- continental philosophy (Ann J. Cahill)
- intersections between analytic and continental philosophy (Georgia Warnke)
- intersections between pragmatist and continental philosophy (Shannon Sullivan)
- pragmatism (Judy Whipps)
feminism, history of
- Addams, Jane -- see Addams, Jane
feminist (interventions)
- aesthetics (Carolyn Korsmeyer)
- bioethics (Anne Donchin)
- epistemology and philosophy of science (Elizabeth Anderson)
- ethics (Rosemarie Tong)
- history of philosophy (Charlotte Witt)
- liberal feminism (Amy R. Baehr)
- metaphysics (Sally Haslanger)
- philosophy of biology (Carla Fehr)
- philosophy of language (Jennifer Saul)
- philosophy of law (Patricia Smith)
- philosophy of religion (Nancy Frankenberry)
- radical feminism (Chris Cuomo)
- social epistemology (Heidi Grasswick)
feminist (topics) (Sally Haslanger and Nancy Tuana)
- perspectives on class and work (Ann Ferguson)
- perspectives on power (Amy Allen)
- perspectives on reproduction and the family (Debra Satz)
- perspectives on science (Alison Wylie and Elizabeth Potter)
- perspectives on sex markets (Laurie Shrage)
- perspectives on sexuality (Nancy Tuana)
- perspectives on the self (Diana Meyers)
Ferguson, Adam -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Ferrier, James -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (Van A. Harvey)
Feyerabend, Paul (John Preston)
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (Dan Breazeale)
Ficino, Marsilio (Michael Allen)
fiction (Fred Kroon)
fictionalism (Matti Eklund)
- modal (Daniel Nolan)
fideism (Richard Amesbury)
film, philosophy of (Thomas Wartenberg)
Fitch's paradox of knowability (Berit Brogaard and Joe Salerno)
fitness (Alexander Rosenberg and Frederic Bouchard)
folk psychology
- as mental simulation (Robert M. Gordon)
- as a theory (Ian Ravenscroft)
foreknowledge, divine -- see free will: divine foreknowledge and
Forms [Platonic] -- see Plato: middle period metaphysics and epistemology
Foucault, Michel (Gary Gutting)
four dimensionalism -- see temporal parts
frame problem (Murray Shanahan)
Francis of Marchia (Christopher Schabel)
freedom
- ancient theories of (Susanne Bobzien)
- divine (William Rowe)
- of speech (David van Mill)
free rider problem (Russell Hardin)
free will (Timothy O'Connor)
- (nondeterministic) theories of -- see incompatibilism: (nondeterministic) theories of free will
- divine foreknowledge and (Linda Zagzebski)
Frege, Gottlob (Edward N. Zalta)
- controversy with Hilbert (Patricia Blanchette)
- logic, theorem, and foundations for arithmetic (Edward N. Zalta)
friendship (Bennett Helm)
function
- in biology -- see teleology: teleological notions in biology
- recursive (Piergiorgio Odifreddi)
functionalism (Janet Levin)
future contingents (Per Hasle and Peter Øhrstrøm)
- medieval theories of (Simo Knuuttila)

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

G

Gadamer, Hans-Georg (Jeff Malpas)
- aesthetics -- see aesthetics: Gadamer
Galileo Galilei (Peter Machamer)
game theory (Don Ross)
- and ethics (Bruno Verbeek and Christopher Morris)
- evolutionary (J. McKenzie Alexander)
Gassendi, Pierre (Saul Fisher)
gene (Hans-Jörg Rheinberger and Staffan Müller-Wille)
generalized quantifiers (Dag Westerståhl)
general relativity
- early philosophical interpretations of (Thomas A. Ryckman)
genetics (Ken Waters)
- evolutionary (Michael Wade)
- genotype/phenotype distinction (Richard Lewontin)
- molecular genetics (Ken Waters)
- population (Samir Okasha)
geometry
- finitism in (Jean-Paul Van Bendegem)
- in the 19th century (Roberto Torretti)
Gerard, Alexander -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
German Philosophy
- in the 18th century, prior to Kant (Brigitte Sassen)
Gersonides (Tamar Rudavsky)
Giles of Rome (Roberto Lambertini)
given, the -- see justification, epistemic: foundationalist theories of
globalization (William Scheuerman)
God
- concepts of (William Wainwright)
- and other necessary beings (Matthew Davidson)
God, arguments for belief in
- pragmatic -- see pragmatic arguments for belief in God
God, arguments for the existence of
- cosmological -- see cosmological argument
- Descartes' ontological -- see Descartes, René: ontological argument
- moral arguments (Peter Byrne)
- ontological -- see ontological arguments
- teleological -- see teleology: teleological arguments for God's existence
Godfrey of Fontaines (John Wippel)
Godwin, William (Mark Philp)
Gödel, Kurt (Juliette Kennedy)
Goodman, Nelson
- aesthetics -- see aesthetics: Goodman
goodness, perfect (Thomas D. Senor)
grammar
- categorial -- see grammar: type logical
- type logical (Michael Moortgat)
Green, Thomas Hill (Colin Tyler)
Gregory of Rimini (Christopher Schabel)
Grice, Paul (Richard E. Grandy and Richard Warner)
Grosseteste, Robert (Neil Lewis)
Grotius, Hugo (Jon Miller)

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

H

Habermas, Jürgen (James Bohman and William Rehg)
haecceity -- see substance
- medieval theories of (Richard Cross)
Halevi (Barry Kogan)
Hamann, Johann Georg (Gwen Griffith-Dickson)
Hamilton, William -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th century
Hartley, David (Richard Allen)
Hartmann, Nicolai (Armin Wildfeuer)
Hartshorne, Charles (Dan Dombrowski)
heaven and hell (Jonathan Kvanvig)
hedonism (Andrew Moore)
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (Paul Redding)
- aesthetics -- see aesthetics: Hegel
Heidegger, Martin (Thomas Sheehan)
- aesthetics -- see aesthetics: Heidegger
hell -- see heaven and hell
Henry of Ghent (Pasquale Porro)
Herder, Johann Gottfried von (Michael Forster)
heredity and heritability (Stephen M. Downes)
hermeneutics (Bjørn Ramberg and Kristin Gjesdal)
Heytesbury, William (John Longeway)
Hilbert, David
- controversy with Frege -- see Frege, Gottlob: controversy with Hilbert
- program in the foundations of mathematics (Richard Zach)
history, philosophy of (Daniel Little)
Hobbes, Thomas
- moral and political philosophy (Sharon A. Lloyd)
Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry (Baron) d' (Michael LeBuffe)
holes (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi)
Holkot [Holcot], Robert (Hester Gelber)
Home, Henry [Lord Kames] -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
homology -- see character/trait
homosexuality (Brent Pickett)
human genome project (Lisa Gannett)
humanism
- in the Renaissance (Eckhard Keßler)
humanism, civic (Athanasios Moulakis)
human rights -- see rights: human
Humboldt, Wilhelm von (Kurt Mueller-Vollmer)
Hume, David (William Edward Morris)
- aesthetics (Ted Gracyk)
- and Kant on Causality -- see Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on Causality
- and Kant on morality -- see Kant, Immanuel: and Hume on morality
- moral philosophy (Rachel Cohon)
- on free will (Paul Russell)
- on religion (Paul Russell)
Husserl, Edmund (Christian Beyer)
Hutcheson, Francis -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
Hutton, James -- see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th Century
hybrid logic -- see logic: hybrid

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

I

Ibn Daud, Abraham (Resianne Fontaine)
Ibn Ezra, Abraham (Tzvi Langermann)
Ibn Falaquera, Shem Tov -- see Falaquera, Shem Tov Ibn
Ibn Rushd (Richard Taylor)
Ibn Tibbon, Samuel -- see Tibbon, Samuel Ibn
identity (Harold Noonan)
- of indiscernibles (Peter Forrest)
- over time (Andre Gallois)
- personal -- see personal identity
- relative (Harry Deutsch)
- transworld (Penelope Mackie)
- transworld -- see possible worlds
identity politics (Cressida Heyes)
identity theory of mind (J. J. C. Smart)
idiolects (Alex Barber)
imagery, mental -- see mental imagery
imitation game -- see Turing test
immortality -- see afterlife
immunology, philosophy of -- see self: the biological notion of
immutability (Brian Leftow)
impartiality (Troy Jollimore)
implicature (Wayne Davis)
- optimality theoretic and game theoretic approaches (Robert van Rooij)
incompatibilism
- (nondeterministic) theories of free will (Randolph Clarke)
- arguments for (Kadri Vihvelin)
indexicals (David Braun)
individualism, methodological (Joseph Heath)
induction
- problem of (John Vickers)
inductive logic -- see logic: inductive
inequality -- see equality
inertial systems -- see space and time: inertial frames
infinitesimals -- see continuity and infinitesimals
informal logic -- see logic: informal
information
- biological (Peter Godfrey-Smith and Kim Sterelny)
- semantic conceptions of (Luciano Floridi)
information technology
- and moral values (James Moor)
- phenomenological approaches to ethics and (Lucas Introna)
- and privacy (Jeroen van den Hoven)
Ingarden, Roman (Amie Thomasson)
inherence -- see substance
innate/acquired distinction (Paul Griffiths)
innatism
- linguistic (Fiona Cowie)
insolubles [= insolubilia] (Paul Vincent Spade)
instantiation -- see predication and instantiation
integrity (Damian Cox, Marguerite La Caze, and Michael Levine)
intelligent design, theory of -- see creationism
intensional transitive verbs (Graeme Forbes)
intentionality (Pierre Jacob)
- consciousness and -- see consciousness: and intentionality
- in ancient philosophy (Victor Caston)
intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties (Brian Weatherson)
inverted qualia -- see qualia: inverted
Israeli, Isaac (Tamar Rudavsky)

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

J

Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich (George di Giovanni)
James, William (Russell Goodman)
Japanese Philosophy (Thomas Kasulis)
- aesthetics (Graham Parkes)
- Confucian (Samuel Yamashita)
- Kokugaku School [Native Studies School] (Susan Burns)
- Kukai (John Krummel)
- Kyoto School (Bret W. Davis)
- Nishida Kitarô -- see Nishida Kitarô
- Pure Land (Dennis Hirota)
- Watsuji Tetsurô -- see Watsuji Tetsurô
- Zen Buddhism (Shigenori Nagatomo)
Jaspers, Karl (Christophe Thornhill)
Jevons, William Stanley (Bert Mosselmans)
John of Salisbury (Kevin Guilfoy)
Judah Halevi -- see Halevi
judgment
- aesthetic -- see aesthetics: aesthetic judgment
justice
- distributive (Julian Lamont)
- intergenerational (Lukas Meyer)
- international (Michael Blake)
- as a virtue (Michael Slote)
justification, epistemic
- coherentist theories of (Jonathan Kvanvig)
- foundationalist theories of (Richard Fumerton)
- internalist vs. externalist conceptions of (George Pappas)
justification, political
- public (Fred D'Agostino)

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

K

Kant, Immanuel (Paul Guyer)
- aesthetics and teleology (Hannah Ginsborg)
- critique of metaphysics (Michelle Grier)
- and Hume on Causality (Graciela De Pierris and Michael Friedman)
- and Hume on morality (Lara Denis)
- and Leibniz (Catherine Wilson)
- moral philosophy (Robert Johnson)
- philosophical development (Martin Schönfeld)
- philosophy of mathematics (Lisa Shabel)
- philosophy of religion (Philip Rossi)
- philosophy of science (Eric Watkins)
- social and political philosophy (Frederick Rauscher)
- theory of judgment (Robert Hanna)
- and transcendental arguments (Jonathan Vogel)
- view of mind and consciousness of self (Andrew Brook)
- views on space and time (Daniel Warren)
Kaspi, Joseph (Hannah Kasher)
Kepler, Johannes (Daniel Di Liscia)
Kierkegaard, Søren (William McDonald)
killing vs. letting die -- see doing vs. allowing harm
Kilvington, Richard (Elzbieta Jung)
knowledge
- analysis of (Matthias Steup)
- by acquaintance vs. description (Richard Fumerton)
- self- -- see self-knowledge
knowledge, value of (Jonathan M. Weinberg)
Kochen-Specker theorem -- see quantum mechanics: Kochen-Specker theorem
Kuhn, Thomas (Alexander Bird)

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

L

Lacan, Jacques (Charles Shepherdson)
Lakatos, Imre (Alan Musgrave)
Lange, Friedrich Albert (Nadeem J. Z. Hussain)
language, philosophy of (Jason Stanley)
language of thought hypothesis (Murat Aydede)
Laozi (Alan Chan)
law
- and ideology (Christine Sypnowich)
- and language (Timothy Endicott)
- limits of -- see limits of law
- nature of -- see nature of law: natural law theories
laws of nature (John W. Carroll)
learning theory, formal (Oliver Schulte)
legal obligation and authority (Leslie Green)
legal philosophy (Martin Stone)
- economic analysis of law (Lewis Kornhauser)
legal positivism -- see nature of law: legal positivism
legal punishment -- see punishment, legal
legal realisms -- see nature of law: legal realisms
legal reasoning
- interpretation and coherence (Julie Dickson)
- precedent and analogy (Grant Lamond)
legal rights (Kenneth Campbell)
Le Grand, Antoine (Patricia Easton)
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (Alan Nelson)
- ethics (Andrew Youpa)
- influence on 19th century logic (Volker Peckhaus)
- on causation (Marc Bobro)
- on the problem of evil (Michael Murray)
- philosophy of mind (Mark Kulstad and Laurence Carlin)
Leucippus (Sylvia Berryman)
Lévinas, Emmanuel (Bettina Bergo)
Lewis, Clarence Irving (Bruce Hunter)
Lewis, David (Ned Hall)
liar paradox (JC Beall and Michael Glanzberg)
liberal feminism -- see feminist (interventions): liberal feminism
liberalism (Gerald Gaus and Shane D. Courtland)
libertarianism (Peter Vallentyne)
liberty
- positive and negative (Ian Carter)
life (Bruce Weber)
- meaning of (Thaddeus Metz)
lifeworld -- see Husserl, Edmund
limits of law (John Stanton-Ife)
linear logic -- see logic: linear
Lipsius, Justus (Jan Papy)
Locke, John (William Uzgalis)
- moral philosophy (Jane McIntyre)
- political philosophy (Alex Tuckness)
logic
- action (Krister Segerberg)
- ancient (Susanne Bobzien)
- and artificial intelligence -- see artificial intelligence: logic and
- of belief revision (Sven Owe Hansson)
- classical (Stewart Shapiro)
- combining (Walter Carnielli and Marcelo Esteban Coniglio)
- conditionals (Horacio Arlo-Costa)
- connexive (Heinrich Wansing)
- deontic (Paul McNamara)
- dialogical (Laurent Keiff)
- dynamic (Philippe Balbiani)
- epistemic (Vincent Hendricks and John Symons)
- free (Harry Deutsch)
- fuzzy (Petr Hajek)
- and games (Wilfrid Hodges)
- hybrid (Torben Braüner)
- independence friendly (Tero Tulenheimo)
- inductive (James Hawthorne)
- infinitary (John L. Bell)
- informal (Leo Groarke)
- intensional (Melvin Fitting)
- intuitionistic (Joan Moschovakis)
- linear (Dale Miller and Roberto Di Cosmo)
- many-valued (Siegfried Gottwald)
- of mass expressions (Greg Carlson)
- modal (James Garson)
- non-monotonic (G. Aldo Antonelli)
- paraconsistent (Graham Priest and Koji Tanaka)
- provability (Rineke (L.C.) Verbrugge)
- of questions (Jeroen Groenendijk)
- relevance (Edwin Mares)
- second-order and higher-order (Herbert B. Enderton)
- substructural (Greg Restall)
- temporal (Antony Galton)
logic, history of
- intuitionistic logic (Mark van Atten)
- modal logic (Roberta Ballarin)
- proof theory -- see proof theory: development
- set theory, early -- see set theory: early development
logical atomism
- Russell's (Kevin Klement)
- Wittgenstein's (Ian Proops)
logical consequence (JC Beall and Greg Restall)
logical constants (John MacFarlane)
logical constructions (Bernard Linsky)
logical form (Paul Pietroski)
logical truth (Mario Gomez-Torrente)
logic and ontology (Thomas Hofweber)
Lotze, Hermann (David Sullivan)
love (Bennett Helm)
luck
- justice and bad luck (Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen)
- moral (Dana K. Nelkin)
Lucretius (David Sedley)
Lvov-Warsaw School (Jan Woleński)
lying and deception (James Edwin Mahon)

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

M

Machiavelli, Niccolò (Cary Nederman)
Maimon, Salomon (Peter Thielke and Yitzhak Melamed)
Maimonides (Kenneth Seeskin)
- the influence of Islamic thought on (Sarah Pessin)
Malebranche, Nicolas (Tad Schmaltz)
- theory of ideas and vision in God (Lawrence Nolan)
Mally, Ernst (Alexander Hieke and Gerhard Zecha)
- deontic logic (Gert-Jan Lokhorst)
many, problem of (Brian Weatherson)
Marcel, Gabriel (-Honoré) (Brian Treanor)
Maritain, Jacques (William Sweet)
Marsilius of Inghen (Maarten Hoenen)
Marx, Karl (Jonathan Wolff)
Masham, Lady Damaris (Sarah Hutton)
mass/energy equivalence -- see equivalence of mass and energy
materialism (Jeffrey Poland)
- eliminative (William Ramsey)
mathematics
- constructive (Douglas Bridges)
- inconsistent (Chris Mortensen)
mathematics, philosophy of
- indispensability arguments in the (Mark Colyvan)
- nominalism in the -- see nominalism: in the philosophy of mathematics
measurement
- in quantum theory -- see quantum theory: measurement in
medieval philosophy (Paul Vincent Spade)
- aesthetics -- see aesthetics: late ancient and medieval
- literary forms of (Eileen Sweeney)
medieval theories
- analogy -- see analogy: medieval theories of
- categories -- see categories: medieval theories of
- causation -- see causation: medieval theories of
- conscience -- see conscience: medieval theories of
- of demonstration -- see demonstration: medieval theories of
- of emotion -- see emotion: medieval theories of
- future contingents -- see future contingents: medieval theories of
- haecceity -- see haecceity: medieval theories of
- of mental representation -- see mental representation: in medieval philosophy
- modality -- see modality: medieval theories of
- of obligationes -- see obligationes, medieval theories of
- practical reason -- see practical reason: medieval theories of
- properties of terms -- see terms, properties of: medieval theories of
- relations -- see relations: medieval theories of
- of singular terms -- see singular terms: medieval theories of
- syllogism -- see syllogism: medieval theories of
Meinong, Alexius (Johann Marek)
Meister Eckhart (Burkhard Mojsisch and Orrin F. Summerell)
memory (John Sutton)
- epistemological problems of (Thomas D. Senor)
Mencius (Kwong Loi Shun)
Mendelssohn, Moses (Daniel Dahlstrom)
mental causation (David Robb and John Heil)
mental content
- causal theories of (Fred Adams)
- externalism about (Joe Lau)
- narrow (Curtis Brown)
- nonconceptual (José Bermúdez)
- teleological theories of -- see teleology: teleological theories of mental content
mental illness (Christian Perring)
mental imagery (Nigel Thomas)
mental representation (David Pitt)
- in medieval philosophy (Henrik Lagerlund)
mereology (Achille Varzi)
- medieval (Andrew Arlig)
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice (Bernard Flynn)
metaethics (Geoff Sayre-McCord)
- moral anti-realism -- see moral anti-realism
- moral cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism -- see cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, moral
- moral epistemology -- see moral epistemology
- moral motivation -- see moral motivation
- moral naturalism -- see naturalism: moral
- moral non-naturalism -- see non-naturalism, moral
- moral particularism -- see moral particularism
- moral realism -- see moral realism
- moral skepticism -- see skepticism: moral
metalogic
- conceptions of, from Frege to Gödel (Jamie Tappenden)
metaphor (David Hills)
metaphysics (Peter van Inwagen)
metaphysics in the 16th century
- Francisco Suárez -- see Suárez, Francisco
Mill, Harriet Taylor (Dale E. Miller)
Mill, James (Terence Ball)
Mill, John Stuart (Fred Wilson)
- moral and political philosophy (David Brink)
mind
- computational theory of (Steven Horst)
- identity theory of -- see identity theory of mind
- philosophy of (Ned Block)
miracles (Michael Levine)
modality
- medieval theories of (Simo Knuuttila)
modal logic -- see logic: modal
- modern origins -- see logic, history of: modal logic
models in science (Roman Frigg and Stephan Hartmann)
model theory (Wilfrid Hodges)
- first-order (Wilfrid Hodges)
Mohism (Chris Fraser)
Mohist Canons (Chris Fraser)
molecular biology (Lindley Darden and James Tabery)
Molyneux's problem (Marjolein Degenaar and Gert-Jan Lokhorst)
monism (Jonathan Schaffer)
- anomalous -- see anomalous monism
monotheism (William Wainwright)
Montaigne, Michel de (Marc Foglia)
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de (Hilary Bok)
Moore, George Edward (Tom Baldwin)
- moral philosophy (Thomas Hurka)
moral anti-realism (Richard Joyce)
moral character -- see character, moral
moral dilemmas (Terrance McConnell)
moral epistemology (Richmond Campbell)
morality, definition of (Bernard Gert)
morality and practical reason (Duncan MacIntosh)
moral luck -- see luck: moral
moral motivation (Connie Rosati)
moral naturalism -- see naturalism: moral
moral non-naturalism -- see non-naturalism, moral
moral particularism (Jonathan Dancy)
moral psychology (John Doris and Stephen Stich)
moral realism (Geoff Sayre-McCord)
moral reasoning -- see reasoning: moral
moral relativism (Chris Gowans)
moral responsibility (Andrew Eshleman)
moral skepticism -- see skepticism: moral
moral status
- of animals -- see animals, moral status of
More, Henry -- see Cambridge Platonists
More, Thomas (Dan Kinney)
multiple realizability (John Bickle)
music, philosophy of (Mark DeBellis)
mysticism (Jerome Gellman)

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

N

names (Richard Heck)
Narboni, Moses (Gitit Holzman)
nationalism (Nenad Miscevic)
Natorp, Paul (Alan Kim)
naturalism (David Papineau)
- moral (James Lenman)
naturalism in legal philosophy (Brian Leiter)
natural kinds (Alexander Bird)
natural law
- tradition in ethics -- see ethics: natural law tradition
natural selection (Robert Brandon)
- units and levels of (Elisabeth Lloyd)
nature of law (Andrei Marmor)
- interpretivist theories (Nicos Stavropoulos)
- legal positivism (Leslie Green)
- legal realisms (Brian Leiter)
- natural law theories (John Finnis)
- pure theory of law (Andrei Marmor)
necessary and sufficient conditions (Andrew Brennan)
necessary beings
- and God -- see God: and other necessary beings
negation (Laurence R. Horn)
Negritude (Ronald Judy)
Neo-Taoism (Alan Chan)
neologicism (Kai F. Wehmeier)
Neoplatonism (Christian Wildberg)
neuroscience, philosophy of (John Bickle, Peter Mandik, and Anthony Landreth)
neutral monism (Leopold Stubenberg)
Newton, Isaac
- and Newtonianism (Andrew Janiak, Eric Schliesser, and George Smith)
- views on space, time, and motion (Robert Rynasiewicz)
Nicholas of Autrecourt [de Altricuria, Autricuria, Ultricuria, Autricort] (Hans Thijssen)
Nicolas of Cusa -- see Cusanus, Nicolaus
Nietzsche, Friedrich (Robert Wicks)
- aesthetics -- see aesthetics: Nietzsche
- moral and political philosophy (Brian Leiter)
Nishida Kitarô (John Maraldo)
noema -- see Husserl, Edmund
nominalism
- in metaphysics (Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra)
- in the philosophy of mathematics (Otávio Bueno)
non-naturalism, moral (Michael Ridge)
nonconceptual content -- see mental content: nonconceptual
nonexistent objects (Maria Reicher)
norms of cooperation -- see social norms
Norris, John (June Yang)
nothingness (Roy Sorensen)

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

O

object (Henry Laycock)
obligation
- legal -- see legal obligation and authority
obligationes, medieval theories of (Paul Vincent Spade)
obligations
- special (Diane Jeske)
occasionalism (Sukjae Lee)
Ockham [Occam], William (Paul Vincent Spade)
Olivi, Peter John (Robert Pasnau)
Olympiodorus (Christian Wildberg)
omnipotence (Joshua Hoffman and Gary Rosenkrantz)
omnipresence (Edward Wierenga)
omniscience (Edward Wierenga)
ontological arguments (Graham Oppy)
ontological dependence -- see dependence, ontological
ontology
- and information science (Barry Smith and Christopher Menzel)
ontology and ontological commitment (Phillip Bricker)
Oresme, Nicole (Stefano Caroti)
original position (Fred D'Agostino)
other minds (Alec Hyslop)

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

P

pacifism (Andrew Fiala)
pain (Murat Aydede)
panpsychism (William Seager and Sean Allen-Hermanson)
pantheism (Michael Levine)
paradox
- Curry's -- see Curry's paradox
- Fitch's paradox of knowability -- see Fitch's paradox of knowability
- of the liar -- see liar paradox
- Russell's paradox -- see Russell's paradox
- Simpson's paradox -- see Simpson's paradox
- St. Petersburg paradox -- see St. Petersburg paradox
- Zeno's paradoxes -- see Zeno's paradoxes
- and contemporary logic (Andrea Cantini)
- epistemic -- see epistemic paradoxes
parenthood and procreation (Tim Bayne and Avery Kolers)
part/whole -- see mereology
Pascal's wager (Alan Hájek)
paternalism (Gerald Dworkin)
Patrizi, Francesco (Fred Purnell)
Paul of Venice (Alessandro Conti)
Peirce, Benjamin (Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh)
Peirce, Charles Sanders (Robert Burch)
- logic (Eric Hammer)
- theory of signs (Albert Atkin)
Penbygull, William (Alessandro Conti)
perception
- the contents of (Susanna Siegel)
- the disjunctive theory of (Scott Sturgeon)
- epistemological problems of (Laurence BonJour)
- the problem of (Tim Crane)
perfectionism, in moral and political philosophy (Steven Wall)
persistence -- see temporal parts
personal identity (Eric T. Olson)
- and ethics (David Shoemaker)
persons -- see personal identity
Peter of Spain [= Petrus Hispanus] (Joke Spruyt)
Petrizi, Joane (Tengiz Iremadze)
phenomenology (David Woodruff Smith)
Philip the Chancellor (Colleen McCluskey)
Philodemus (David Blank)
Philolaus (Carl Huffman)
Philo of Larissa (Charles Brittain)
Philoponus (Christian Wildberg)
philosophy of law -- see legal philosophy
Philo the Dialectician -- see Dialectical School
physicalism (Daniel Stoljar)
physics
- experiment in (Allan Franklin)
- holism and nonseparability (Richard Healey)
- intertheory relations in (Robert Batterman)
- quantum field theory -- see quantum theory: quantum field theory
- Reichenbach's common cause principle (Frank Arntzenius)
- structuralism in (Heinz-Juergen Schmidt)
- symmetry and symmetry breaking (Katherine Brading and Elena Castellani)
Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni (Brian Copenhaver)
pineal gland -- see Descartes, René: and the pineal gland
Plato (Richard Kraut)
- aesthetics (John Heil, Jr.)
- ethics (Dorothea Frede)
- ethics and politics in The Republic (Eric Brown)
- friendship and eros (C. D. C. Reeve)
- method and metaphysics in the Sophist and Statesman (Mary Louise Gill)
- middle period metaphysics and epistemology (Allan Silverman)
- naming and knowledge (David Sedley)
- on knowledge in the Theaetetus (Timothy Chappell)
- on utopia (Chris Bobonich)
- rhetoric and poetry (Charles Griswold)
- shorter ethical works (Paul Woodruff)
- Timaeus (Donald Zeyl)
Platonism
- in metaphysics (Mark Balaguer)
pleasure (Leonard D. Katz)
Plotinus (Lloyd Gerson)
pluralism
- religious -- see religious diversity
plurality of forms -- see binarium famosissimum
plural quantification (Øystein Linnebo)
Polgar, Isaac (Charles Manekin)
political philosophy
- medieval (John Kilcullen)
politics and religion -- see religion and politics
Pomponazzi, Pietro (Stefano Perfetti)
Popper, Karl (Stephen Thornton)
population genetics -- see genetics: population
pornography
- and censorship (Caroline West)
Porphyry (Eyjólfur Emilsson)
possible objects (Takashi Yagisawa)
possible worlds (Christopher Menzel)
postmodernism (Gary Aylesworth)
poverty of the stimulus argument -- see innatism: linguistic

What's New	Published Entries	Archives	How to Cite	Editorial Information	About the SEP
Unabridged Table of Contents		Advanced Search			Advanced Tools